References

Papers behind the method, related work, and the data we used.

Method

QAOA, the constraint-preserving mixer, the Dicke state and the ramp initialization come from these papers.

  1. Hadfield, S., Wang, Z., O'Gorman, B., Rieffel, E. G., Venturelli, D., Biswas, R. "From the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm to a Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz." Algorithms 12(2), 34 (2019). doi:10.3390/a12020034, arXiv:1709.03489
  2. Bärtschi, A., Eidenbenz, S. "Deterministic Preparation of Dicke States." FCT 2019, pp. 126-139. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25027-0_9, arXiv:1904.07358
  3. Sack, S. H., Serbyn, M. "Quantum annealing initialization of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm." Quantum 5, 491 (2021). doi:10.22331/q-2021-07-01-491, arXiv:2101.05742

Related work

  1. Hancock, J., Craven, M. J., McNeile, C., Vadacchino, D. "Investigating Techniques to Optimise the Layout of Turbines in a Windfarm using a Quantum Computer." arXiv:2312.13123
  2. Hancock, J., Craven, M., McNeile, C. "Investigating methods to solve large windfarm optimization problems with a minimum number of qubits using circuit-based quantum computers." arXiv:2512.17582
  3. Nigro, L., Sala, S., Amendola, A., Prati, E. "Leveraging Quantum Annealing for Layout Optimization." Advanced Quantum Technologies 8(11), e00358 (2025). doi:10.1002/qute.202500358
  4. Kordonowy, S., Leipold, H. "The Lie Algebra of XY-mixer Topologies and Warm Starting QAOA for Constrained Optimization." npj Quantum Information 12, 61 (2026). arXiv:2505.18396
  5. Mancilla, J., Bouloumis, T. D., Goguikian, F. "Constrained Portfolio Optimization via QAOA with XY-Mixers and Trotterized Initialization: A Hybrid Approach for Direct Indexing." arXiv:2602.14827

Data and sources

Wind data keeps its original attribution.

  • Penmanshiel wind farm data (Scotland, UK). Plumley, C., Takeuchi, R.; released by Cubico Sustainable Investments Ltd. Zenodo, CC BY 4.0. doi:10.5281/zenodo.16807304
  • Kelmarsh wind farm data (England, UK). Plumley, C., Takeuchi, R.; released by Cubico Sustainable Investments Ltd. Zenodo, CC BY 4.0. doi:10.5281/zenodo.16807551
  • ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store. dataset page, doi:10.24381/cds.adbb2d47
  • Open-Meteo Historical Weather API, used to access ERA5. Zippenfenig, P. (2023). Open-Meteo.com Weather API. documentation, doi:10.5281/zenodo.7970649
  • UK Government, Contracts for Difference Allocation Round 6, budget notice (administrative strike prices, 2012 prices), used as a price reference in the impact estimate. PDF
  • European Central Bank, euro foreign exchange reference rates (USD and GBP per euro, 2026-10-09), crossed to convert pounds to US dollars in the impact estimate (1 GBP = 1.3220 USD). data
  • License of the data: CC BY 4.0

Disclosure

Built during the official hackathon window. Prior code, templates and forks: none.

AI tools used: Claude (chat: planning, review) and Claude Code (coding agent, code and documentation assistance), Gemini Antigravity (planning, coding agent and brainstorming, web search), Grok (brainstorming, web search).